双语 | 十个关键词回顾中国砥砺奋进的五年

当历史翻开崭新一页，注定留下浓墨重彩的一笔。

今天我们用10个“中国关键词”来回顾这砥砺奋进的五年。

1、中国特色社会主义

1982年，邓小平在中共十二大开幕词中指出“把马克思主义的普遍真理同我国的具体实际结合起来，走自己的路，建设有中国特色的社会主义”，第一次鲜明提出建设中国特色社会主义的重大命题。此后，建设中国特色社会主义就成为中国共产党全部理论和实践的鲜明主题。中国特色社会主义包含道路、理论体系和制度三个层面。道路是实现途径，理论体系是行动指南，制度是根本保障，三者统一于中国特色社会主义伟大实践上。中国特色社会主义，从理论和实践结合上系统回答了在中国这样人口多底子薄的东方大国建设什么样的社会主义、怎样建设社会主义这个根本问题。当前，建设中国特色社会主义,总依据是社会主义初级阶段，总布局是经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设“五位一体”，总任务是实现社会主义现代化和中华民族伟大复兴。

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

The concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics was first highlighted by Deng Xiaoping when he addressed the opening ceremony of the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1982. He emphasized the importance of integrating the universal truth of Marxism with China’s realities, pursuing a path of our own, and building a socialist society with Chinese characteristics. Since then, this concept has been prominently embedded in the CPC’s theoretical thinking and in all aspects of its work. The concept consists of three pillars, namely our chosen path toward achieving our goals, a theoretical framework that offers guidance to action, and our political system that provides a fundamental basis to ensure that we proceed on the right track. All three pillars are integral to our great endeavor to build a socialist society with Chinese characteristics. By applying theoretical guidelines to practical needs, this concept provides a convincing answer to the central question: what type of socialism best suits the specific context of China, a large country with a huge population and a weak economic base, and how could we build such a socialist society? The imperative to build socialism with Chinese characteristics is premised on the fact that China is in the primary stage of socialism. Our overall approach is to promote economic, political, cultural, social and ecological progress, while our overarching goals are to bring about socialist modernization and the great renewal of the Chinese nation.

2、社会主义核心价值观

中共十八大提出，倡导富强、民主、文明、和谐，倡导自由、平等、公正、法治，倡导爱国、敬业、诚信、友善，积极培育和践行社会主义核心价值观。社会主义核心价值观明确了国家、社会、公民三个层面的价值目标、价值取向、价值准则，是对社会主义核心价值体系的高度凝练和集中表达，确立了当代中国最基本的价值观念。

The Core Values of Chinese Socialism

In November 2012 the 18th CPC National Congress called for efforts to foster the core values of the pursuit of prosperity, democracy, civility, harmony, freedom, equality, justice, rule of law, patriotism, dedication, integrity, and goodwill. These values define the goals, purposes, and norms of the state, society, and individual citizens, and reflect the true meaning of Chinese socialism and what we cherish and promote in contemporary China.

3、全面建成小康社会

 “小康社会”是由邓小平在20世纪70年代末80年代初在规划中国经济社会发展蓝图时提出的战略构想。随着中国特色社会主义建设事业的深入，其内涵和意义不断地得到丰富和发展。在20世纪末基本实现“小康”的情况下，中共十六大报告明确提出了“全面建设小康社会”，中共十七大报告在此基础上提出新的更高要求，中共十八大报告根据我国经济社会发展实际和新的阶段性特征，在党的十六大、十七大确立的全面建设小康社会目标的基础上，提出了到2020年“全面建成小康社会”的目标。全面建成小康社会的目标主要包括：第一，转变经济发展方式取得重大进展；第二，实现两个“倍增”，即国内生产总值和城乡居民人均收入比2010年翻一番；第三，通过增强创新驱动发展新动力，进入创新型国家行列；第四，工业化基本实现，信息化水平大幅提升，城镇化质量明显提高，农业现代化和社会主义新农村建设成效显著；第五，区域协调发展机制基本形成；第六，对外开放水平进一步提高，国际竞争力明显增强。

Completing the Process of Building a Moderately Well-Off Society in All Aspects

The vision for a moderately well-off society was proposed by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s and early 1980s when the roadmap for China’s economic and social development was being crafted. The concept has since been further enriched and developed in an evolving process of social-economic development with Chinese characteristics. Considering the fact that the goal for a markedly improved life for the people had basically become a reality by the end of the 20th century, the CPC Central Committee called for a continued push to build a moderately well-off society in all aspects in its report to the 16th National Congress. New and more ambitious elements were subsequently added to this already expanded concept at the Party’s 17th National Congress (held in 2007). In view of China’s current status of and further needs for social-economic development, the CPC Central Committee announced in its report to the 18th National Congress the goal of completing the process of building a moderately well-off society in all aspects by the year 2020 on the basis of what had been achieved since the Party’s previous two major gatherings.

Specifically, the goal calls for: first, making major progress in transforming China’s growth model; second, doubling China’s 2010 GDP and per capita income for both urban and rural residents; third, promoting innovation and pursuing innovation driven development; fourth, basically completing the process of industrialization, markedly expanding access to information technology, better managing urbanization, and making notable progress in agricultural modernization and rural development; fifth, establishing a mechanism for development coordination across all regions; and sixth, opening up further and notably improving China’s international competitiveness.

4、全面深化改革

全面深化改革的总目标是：完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。它不是推进一个领域改革，也不是推进几个领域改革，而是涉及经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、国防和军队以及对外开 放等所有领域改革；它不是单靠某一个或某几 个部门，而是需要协调各方。全面深化改革的实现，需要进一步解放思想，紧紧依靠人民，加强和改善党的领导。在“四个全面”战略布局中，全面深化改革是重要动力。

An All-Round In-Depth Reform

The overall goal of our all-round push for further reform is to improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and to modernize China’s governance system and capabilities. The reforms will not be restricted to one or a few particular fields, but will involve a wide range of areas, including economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological policies, national defense, the military, and efforts to build a more open society. Success will not materialize with the efforts of one or a few particular departments, but will hinge on the concerted efforts of all sectors. Effective implementation of this new reform agenda entails further freeing our mind, reliance on the people, and strengthened and improved CPC leadership. An all-round push for further reform will be a key driver in the execution of China’s Four Pronged Strategy.

5、全面依法治国

依法治国是中国共产党领导人民治理国家的基本方略。2014年10月20日至23日召开的中共十八届四中全会，作出了“全面推进依法治国” 的新部署。它的总目标是：建设中国特色社会主义法治体系，建设社会主义法治国家。为实现这一目标，需要形成完备的法律规范体系、高效的 法治实施体系、严密的法治监督体系、有力的法治保障体系，以及完善的党内法规体系。在全面推进依法治国进程中，要坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进，坚持法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设，实现科学立法、严格执 法、公正司法、全民守法。当前，中国面对的改革发展稳定任务之重前所未有，矛盾风险挑战之多前所未有，比以往任何时候都更加需要运用法治思维和法治方式开展工作、解决问题，更好发挥法治的引领和规范作用。因此，全面依法治国是全面建成小康社会的迫切需要，也是全面深化改革、全面从严治党的迫切需要。

A Comprehensive Framework for Promoting the Rule of Law

Promoting the rule of law is one of the fundamental pillars underpinning the CPC’s national governance strategy that emphasizes the ownership role of the people. At its fourth plenary session held from October 20 to 23, 2014, the 18th CPC Central Committee rolled out a series of new initiatives to this end. The overall goal of these initiatives is to build the rule of law characteristic of Chinese socialism. To realize this goal it is vital to develop a sound legal system, buttressed by efficient and effective enforcement, oversight and support mechanisms, together with an effective intra-Party system of discipline and rules. The comprehensive process of promoting the rule of law should focus on ensuring that our Constitution and laws are fully complied with in national governance and in the exercise of political and executive power. Coordinated efforts should be made to strengthen our legal system and legal awareness throughout the country, at all levels of the government and in all sectors of society, so as to ensure the rationality of our legislative process, strict enforcement of and universal adherence to all laws, and impartial administration of justice. In view of the fact that China is currently faced with unprecedented challenges of moving forward with further reform, and ensuring development and stability, a rule of-law culture has become more important than ever before in guiding our work and our thinking in approaching problems. Promoting the rule of law is therefore essential to realizing the country’s goals of building a moderately well-off society and furthering reform, and to the CPC’s efforts to strengthen discipline among its members.

6、全面从严治党

从严治党是中国共产党加强自身建设的一贯要求和优良传统。2014年12月，习近平总书记在江苏考察时，提出了“全面从严治党”的新要求，把管党治党提到前所未有的新高度。所谓 “全面”，从内容上来说，就是要覆盖党的思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、反腐倡廉建设和制度建设这五个方面；从主体上来说，就是要覆盖到党的每一级组织、每一个党员。所谓“从严”，就是采用更严格的标准，对党员的要求比对普通民众的要求更严格，党的纪律要比其他团体更严明，党的规定要比一般法规更严格。它的重点在于从严管理监督党的干部。全面从严治党，是新一届中央领导集体治国理政的鲜明特征。它既是“四个全面”战略布局的重要组成部分，又在其中处于关键地位，是其他“三个全面”顺利推进的重要保证。

An All-Out Effort to Enforce Strict Party Discipline

Strict discipline has always been part of a great tradition of the CPC. While visiting Jiangsu Province in December 2014, Xi Jinping called for an all-out effort to enforce strict discipline, placing new emphasis on the importance of regulating the Party’s own conduct. An “all-out” effort is meant to cover the five cornerstones of Party development, namely theoretical development, organizational readjustment, work practices, anti-corruption campaigns, and institutional arrangements, and apply to every CPC organization and every CPC member. “Strict” discipline subjects CPC members to higher standards, i.e. standards more demanding than the general laws and regulations applicable to non-Party citizens. The focus is to provide restraints on Party members who hold official positions, and keep their activities under rigorous scrutiny. An unwavering attention to strengthening Party discipline represents a defining feature of the current central leadership. As one of the components of the Four-pronged Strategy, the move to enforce discipline helps ensure progress in the other three areas.

7、五大发展理念

2015年10月26日至29日在北京召开的十八届五中全会，首次提出了"创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享"的五大发展理念。该理念强调，要把创新摆在国家发展全局的核心位置，要正确处理发展中的重大关系，要坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，要奉行互利共赢的开放战略，坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，等等。五大发展理念的提出，集中反映了中国共产党对经济社会发展规律认识的深化，为中国共产党带领全国人民全面建成小康社会提供了有力的思想指导。

Five Concepts for Development

At its fifth plenary session held from October 26 to 29, 2015, the 18th CPC Central Committee called for "development that is innovation-driven, coordinated, green, oriented toward global progress, and beneficial to all." Of these five concepts for development, innovation should be given top priority, while interactions between all the individual fields must be properly managed. The basic state policy of resource conservation and environmental protection should be respected, as should the principle that opening to the world must be to the benefit of all parties involved. Development should be in the interests of the people, rely on their support, and be of direct benefit to them. The thinking behind the five concepts for development embodies the CPC's in-depth understanding of the laws of economic and social development, while the concepts offer a theoretical guideline for the leadership in building a moderately well-off society in all respects.

8、精准扶贫、精准脱贫

2014年12月11日闭幕的中国中央经济工作会议，首次在中央工作层面明确提出了精准脱贫的概念；2015年6月18日，习近平总书记在贵州调研时强调，扶贫开发"贵在精准，重在精准，成败之举在于精准"，"精准扶贫"随后成为社会各界热议的关键词。2015年11月3日发布的"十三五规划建议"中，进一步作出"实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫"的工作部署。精准脱贫，就是要防止用经济收入的平均数掩盖大多数，而是要更加注重保障基本民生，更加关注低收入群众生活。精准扶贫，则是要做到对贫困人口进行精确识别、精确帮扶，对扶贫工作做到精确管理。中央明确提出精准扶贫、精准脱贫，是因为中国的扶贫开发工作已进入"啃硬骨头、攻坚拔寨"的冲刺期。为了真正实现"精准"目标，习近平总书记提出了"扶贫对象精准、措施到户精准、项目安排精准、资金使用精准、因村派人精准、脱贫成效精准"的具体要求。

Targeted approach to alleviating poverty

At the closure of the Central Economic Work Meeting on December 11, 2014, the central leadership floated the idea of a targeted approach to alleviating poverty. On June 18, 2015, during his visit to Guizhou Province, Xi Jinping once more raised the subject, which he believes will determine the success of the poverty alleviation drive. It has subsequently become a hot topic among the general public. In its Proposal for Formulating the 13th Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, released in November 2015, the 18th CPC Central Committee specified targeted measures to be taken in the coming five years.

Targeted efforts are designed to ensure that average income statistics would not eclipse the true living conditions of many in hardship. Such efforts require attention to detail. Greater emphasis will be laid upon identifying low-income groups in need of assistance, so that they will receive due attention and their basic standard of living will be guaranteed.

The central leadership proposed such a targeted approach at a time when China faces a daunting challenge in its efforts to eliminate the final pockets of poverty across the country. To ensure that poverty reduction efforts are fully effective, Xi Jinping called for policies and programs of assistance to be tailored for the needs of individual families in conjunction with targeted funding and village-specific expert support, and to be pursued with a results-oriented focus.

9、“一带一路”

 “一带一路”是“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的简称。2013年9月和10月，中国国家主席习近平出访中亚和东南亚时，分别提出了与相关国家共同建设“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的倡议。该倡议以实现“政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通”为主要内容，以共商、共建、共享为原则，实实在在地造福沿线国家和人民。“一带一路”主要涵盖东亚、东南亚、南亚、西亚、中亚和中东欧等国家和地区。“一带一路”建设符合有关各方共同利益，顺应地区和全球合作潮流，得到了沿线国家的积极响应。截止到2016年底，已有100多个国家和国际、地区组织表达了支持和参与“一带一路”建设的积极意愿，40多个国家和国际组织与中国签署了共建“一带一路”政府间合作协议。

The Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative – China’s proposal to build a Silk Road Economic Belt and a 21st Century Maritime Silk Road in cooperation with related countries – was unveiled by Chinese President Xi Jinping during his visits to Central and Southeast Asia in September and October 2013. The initiative focuses on promoting policy coordination, connectivity of infrastructure and facilities, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and strengthened people-to-people ties through a consultative process and joint efforts, with the goal of bringing benefits to all. The initiative covers primarily East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe. It reflects a convergence of interests and an increasing need for regional and global cooperation. The response from countries along the proposed Belt and Road has been enthusiastic. By the end of 2016 over 100 countries and international and regional organizations had expressed an interest in participating, and more than 40 of them had signed cooperation agreements with China.

10、十九大

中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会于2017年10月18日在北京召开。根据中共中央政治局的会议，中共十九大选举产生新一届中央委员会和中央纪律检查委员会。

会议强调，中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会，是在全面建成小康社会决胜阶段、中国特色社会主义发展关键时期召开的一次十分重要的大会。

大会将高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导。

会议还强调，大会将贯彻习近平总书记系列重要讲话精神和党中央治国理政新理念新思想新战略。中共十九大将认真总结过去5年工作，回顾总结党的十八大以来以习近平同志为核心的党中央团结带领全党全国各族人民坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的历史进程和宝贵经验。

十九大深入分析了当前国际国内形势，全面把握党和国家事业发展新要求和人民群众新期待，制定适应时代要求的行动纲领和大政方针，动员全党全国各族人民坚定中国特色社会主义道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信。

十九大继续统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，继续推进党的建设新的伟大工程，为决胜全面建成小康社会、努力开创中国特色社会主义新局面而团结奋斗。

The 19th Communist Party of China National Congress

The 19th Communist Party of China National Congress convened in Beijing on Oct 18 in 2017.

According to the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, the 19th Communist Party of China National Congress elects a new CPC Central Committee and Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.

The National Congress is "greatly important" at a time the country is undergoing the decisive stage in finishing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects as well as the crucial period of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The National Congress holds high the banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, be guided by Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Thought of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development.

The congress puts into practice guiding principles from Xi's major policy addresses as well as new ideas, thoughts and strategies regarding governance by the CPC Central Committee.

The National Congress reviews the Party's work over the past five years and summarizes the historical process and the experiences the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as its core has gained uniting and leading people of all ethnic groups to carry on and advance socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The 19th Communist Party of China National Congress thoroughly examines the current international and domestic situation, fully takes into account new requirements for the Party and the country's development as well as new expectations from the people, draws guidelines for actions and major policies that meet the requirements of the times, calls upon all members of the Party and all the people of China to fortify their confidence in the socialist path, theories, system and culture with Chinese characteristics.

The 19th Communist Party of China National Congress continues promoting coordinated progress in economic, political, cultural, social and ecological areas, continues advancing in a coordinated manner the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, continues promoting the Party building and working together to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and striving to start a new situation of socialism with Chinese characteristics.